Uburyo bwo gusiga irangi no kurangiza (1)

Uburyo bwo gusiga irangi no kurangiza bushingiye ahanini ku bwoko, imiterere n'ibisabwa ku gicuruzwa cyarangiye ku mwenda, bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: mbere yo kuwutunganya,irangig, gucapa, kurangiza n'ibindi.

Mbere yo kuvurwa

Imyenda karemano irimo imyanda, mu gutunganya imyenda kandi yongeramo ubushyuhe, amavuta n'umwanda wanduye, kuba iyi myanda ihari, ntibibuza gusa iterambere ryiza ryo gusiga irangi no kurangiza gutunganya, ahubwo binagira ingaruka ku myenda yangiritse.

Intego yo kuvura mbere ni ugukoresha imiti n'imashini kugira ngo bikureho imyanda ku mwenda, bitume umwenda uba uwera, woroshye, kandi ube ufite ubushobozi bwo kwinjira neza kugira ngo uhuze n'ibisabwa mu kuwufata, no gutanga ibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa byo gusiga amarangi, gucapa no kurangiza.

Ipamba: gutegura imyenda mibisi, kuyitwika, kuyikuraho ingano, kuyiteka, kuyihindura umweru, kuyihindura umweru. Polyester: gutegura imyenda, kuyitunganya neza (alkali y'amazi, nibindi), kuyigabanya, kuyibika, kuyigabanya uburemere (alkali y'amazi, nibindi).

Kuririmba

Ubusanzwe, nyuma yo kwinjira mu ruganda rucapa kandi rusiga amarangi uvuye mu ruganda rukora imyenda, umwenda w'imvi ugomba kubanza gusuzumwa, ugahindurirwa, ugashyirwa mu matsinda, ugacapishwa kandi ugasukwa, hanyuma ugatwikwa.

Impamvu:

(1) ku mwenda udatwikiriye cyane, uburebure butandukanye;

(2) urwego rw'irangira ni rubi, byoroshye kwanduza;

(3) muri urukurikirane rw'ubusembwa bw'ubwoya bwa zhongyi no kurangiza, gucapa no gusiga irangi.

Intego yo kuririmba:

(1) kunoza ubwiza bw'imyenda; kunoza irangi;

(2) kunoza uburyo imiti irwanya uburozi (cyane cyane imyenda ya fibre y'ibinyabutabire);

(3) kunoza imiterere, gutwika bishobora gutuma umwenda uhinduka mwiza, ukaba umugufwa.

Gushushanya ingano

Mu gihe cyo kuboha, agace k'ubudodo gahura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushyamirane, byoroshye gucika. Kugira ngo ugabanye ubushyuhe bucika, wongere imikorere myiza yo kuboha n'ubwiza bw'imyenda y'imvi, ni ngombwa ko ubudodo bw'ubudodo bucika mbere yo kuboha. Fibre iri mu budodo irafatana, igakora agace gakomeye k'ubudodo ku buso bw'ubudodo, bigatuma ubudodo bukomera kandi bukoroha, bityo bukongera imbaraga zo gucika no kudashira kw'ubudodo.

Intego yo gushushanya: Nyuma yo gushushanya, ururenda rwinjira mu migozi hanyuma rugafata igice kimwe ku buso bw'ururenda. Mu gihe rwongera imikorere y'ubudodo, ururenda rwanduza amazi akoreshwa mu gushushanya no kurangiza gutunganya, rukabangamira imikoranire y'imiti hagati y'imigozi n'ibikoresho bya shimi, kandi bigatuma bigorana gukora irangi no kurangiza gutunganya.

(1) Intangiriro ku gusya gukunze gukoreshwa

Uduce duto tw’ibimera: ibinyampeke, ingano y’ibimera byo mu nyanja, ingano, n’ibindi.

Imiterere y'ibinyampeke:

① mu gihe aside yangiritse;

② mu gihe cy'ubudahangarwa bw'alkali, kubyimba;

③ mu gihe cy’ibinyabutabire bishobora kubora;

④ bitewe no kubora kwa enzyme yo kubora sitashi.

Uduce tw'ibinyabutabire: ibikomoka kuri selulosi nka hydroxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), aside polyacrylic, polyester, nibindi.

Imiterere ya PVA:

① ihamye kuri aside na base, ubushyuhe ntibugabanuka;

② Yangiritse bitewe na okisidasiyo.;

③ Ikoreshwa neza, ihuye neza, nta mpungenge ivanze

(2) Uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa mu gushushanya ingano

1. Gukuraho ingano ya alkali

Bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu nganda zo mu rugo zo gusiga amarangi, ariko igipimo cyo gusiga ingano ntabwo kiri hejuru, kandi indi myanda ishobora gukurwaho mu gihe cyo gusiga ingano.

Uburyo: Gukoresha umuti wa sodium hydroxide dilute solution, starch slurry bitewe n’ibintu bitera kubyimba (cyangwa kubyimba), ntibibaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa chemical reaction, bityo slurry iva kuri gel ijya kuri sol, ikagabanya imbaraga zo gufatana hagati ya fibre na slurry, hanyuma igakoreshwa imbaraga zo kuyikuraho. Kuri PVA na polyacrylate slurry, ishobora gushonga sodium hydroxide mu bisubizo bigabanya.

(ingufu) zo gukuraho ingano ya enzyme

Enzymes nazo zitwa enzymes, biocatalysts.

Ibiranga: umuvuduko wo gukata ingano mwinshi, ntabwo ari fibre yangiritse, ahubwo ni iy'ifu gusa, ntishobora gukuraho imyanda.

Ibiranga: a. Umusaruro mwinshi. b. Ubushobozi bwihariye: Enzyme ishobora gukurura ingaruka imwe gusa cyangwa ndetse n'ingaruka runaka. c. Igikorwa kigirwaho ingaruka n'ubushyuhe n'agaciro ka PH.

Ku bisigazwa by'ibishyimbo cyangwa ibisigazwa bivanze by'ibishyimbo (ibipimo by'ibishyimbo ni byo byiganjemo), amylase ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukata ingano.

Gukuraho ingano ya aside

Gukoresha mu rugo si byinshi, kuko byoroshye kwangiza fibre, bihujwe cyane n'ubundi buryo. Uburyo bw'intambwe ebyiri bukoreshwa: gukuraho ubunini bwa alkali - gukuraho ubunini bwa aside. Gukuraho ubunini bwa aside bishobora gutuma hakorwa hydrolyze ya starch, gukuraho umunyu wa mineral n'ibindi, no kwiyunga.

Gukuraho ubunini bwa oxidation

Oxidizing agent: NaBrO2 (sodium bromite) H2O2, Na2S2O8, (NH4) 2S2O8, n'ibindi.

Ihame: Umuti ugabanya ubushyuhe ushobora gukurura no kwangiza ubwoko bwose bw'ibinure, uburemere bwabyo bwa molekile n'ubushyuhe bwabyo biragabanuka cyane, gushonga kw'amazi biriyongera, kandi ibinure bikabuzwa gufatana na fibre, hanyuma hidrolysate ikakurwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuyimesa neza.

(1) Guteka

Intego yo guteka ni ugukuraho imyanda ya fibre no kunoza imiterere yo gutunganya imyenda, cyane cyane ubushobozi bwo gutose.

Imyanda isanzwe: Ku myenda y’ipamba isanzwe, ahanini ni udukoko duto cyangwa ibinyabuzima bifitanye isano na yo, harimo ishashi y’amavuta, pectini, poroteyine, ivu, irangi n’ibishishwa by’imbuto z’ipamba.

Imyanda y’ubukorano: imyanda nk’amavuta, ibinyabutabire birwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’amavuta, ingese n’ibisigazwa by’ibimera byongerwa mu gutunganya no kuboha.

Iyi myanda igira ingaruka zikomeye ku kutotoba k'imyenda kandi ikabangamira irangi no kurangiza imyenda, kandi igomba gukurwa mu buryo bwo gukosora hakoreshejwe sodium hydroxide nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi n'ibinyabutabire nk'inyongera.

(2) Guhindura ibara ry'uruhu

Nyuma yo kubira, imyanda myinshi isanzwe n'iy'ubukorano igaragara kuumwendabirakurwaho, ariko ku myenda yanduye kandi ifite ibara ryoroheje, gusibanganya nabyo birakenewe. Ibyo ni ukuvanaho irangi, kunoza umweru nk'intego nyamukuru yo gutunganya gusibanganya.

Fibre y’ubutabire ntabwo irimo irangi, iyo imaze guteka iba umweru cyane, kandi fibre y’ipamba nyuma yo gukaraba irangi iracyahari, umweru uba mubi, bityo gukaraba ni ukubera imyanda karemano kuri fibre y’ipamba.

(3) Bleach

Ubwoko bwa oxidation: sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide na sodium chlorite, nibindi, bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu myenda ivanze n'ipamba.

Yagabanijwe: NaHSO3 n'ifu y'ubwishingizi, nibindi, bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu myenda ya poroteyine.

(4) Guhindura ibara rya sodium hypochlorite:

Guhindura ibara rya sodium hypochlorite bikoreshwa cyane mu gushushanya imyenda y'ipamba n'imyenda ivanze n'ipamba, ndetse rimwe na rimwe binakoreshwa mu gushushanya imyenda ivanze n'ipamba ya polyester. Ariko, ntibishobora gukoreshwa mu gushushanya insinga za poroteyine nka silk n'ubwoya, kuko sodium hypochlorite igira ingaruka mbi ku nsinga za poroteyine, kandi bigatuma insinga zihinduka umuhondo n'ubwandu. Mu gushushanya, uretse kwangiza ibara karemano, insinga y'ipamba ubwayo ishobora no kwangirika, bityo, ni ngombwa kugenzura imiterere y'uburyo bwo gushushanya, kugira ngo ubwiza bw'isura n'ubwiza bw'imbere bigerweho.

Sodium hypochlorite biroroshye kuyikora, ihendutse, ikoreshwa ryo gutwikira sodium hypochlorite ni ibikoresho byoroshye, ariko kubera ko gutwikira sodium hypochlorite ari bibi mu kurengera ibidukikije, bityo igenda isimburwa buhoro buhoro na hydrogen peroxide.

(5) Hydrogen peroxide ihindura uruhu H2O2:

Peroxide ya hydrogen, izwi kandi nka peroxide ya hydrogen, ifite formula ya molekile H2O2. Guhindura imiterere ya hydrogen peroxide byitwa bleaching ya ogisijeni. Uburyo umuti wa peroxide ya hydrogen uhagaze neza cyane mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwa alkaline. Ingaruka zabyo ni uko peroxide ya hydrogen igurishwa mu bucuruzi iba ifite aside nkeya.

Igitambaro cyakuweho uruhu gikoresheje peroxide ya hydrogen gifite umweru mwiza, ibara ryiza, kandi nticyoroshye kugihindura umuhondo iyo kibitswe. Gikoreshwa cyane mu gutwikira imyenda ya ipamba. Gutwikira umwuka wa ogisijeni bifite ubushobozi bwo guhinduka kurusha gutwikira uruhu rwa chlorine, ariko peroxide ya hydrogen iri hejuru ugereranyije n'igiciro cya sodium hypochlorite, kandi gutwikira umwuka wa ogisijeni bisaba ibikoresho by'icyuma kitagira umugese, ingufu zikoreshwa ni nyinshi, igiciro kiri hejuru ugereranyije no gutwikira uruhu rwa chlorine.

Kuri ubu, uburyo bwo gusohora irangi ry’umwuka mu buryo bw’ubugari bukoreshwa cyane mu nganda zicapa n’izisiga amarangi. Ubu buryo bufite urwego rwo hejuru rwo gukomeza, gukora ibintu mu buryo bwikora kandi butanga umusaruro mwiza, butuma ibintu bigenda neza kandi ntibuhumanya ibidukikije.

5. Ifite merceri (igitambaro cy'ipamba)

Imyenda iri mu mimerere runaka y'ubukana, hifashishijwe soda ikomeye, kandi igakomeza ingano ikenewe, ishobora kubona umucyo nk'uw'ubudodo, iyi nzira yitwa mercerization.

(1) Intego yo gukoresha mercerization:

A. Kunoza ubwiza n'uburyo imyenda igaragara, bitewe no kubyimba kwa fibre, imiterere ya fibre irushaho kuba myiza, kandi urumuri rugaragara neza, bityo ubwiza burushaho kuba bwiza.
B. Ongera umuvuduko w'irangi ry'ibara nyuma yo kurangiza mercerizing, akarere ka fibre karagabanuka, agace katagira ishusho kakiyongera, kandi amarangi ashobora kwinjira mu migozi, umuvuduko w'irangi ugereranije n'umugozi wa fibre wa mercerizing wiyongeraho 20%, kandi urumuri rwongerewe, icyarimwe wongera imbaraga zo gutwikira imbere.
C. Kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo guhagarara neza, mercerizing irangize imiterere yayo, ikuraho iminkanyari y'imigozi, kandi ishobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu gusiga irangi no gucapa ibicuruzwa bya kimwe cya kabiri n'igice. Igikuru ni uko nyuma yo gusiga irangi, uburyo bwo guhindagurika kw'imyenda bwarushijeho kuba bwiza cyane, bityo bikagabanya cyane uburyo umwenda ugabanuka.

6. Gutunganya, mbere yo kugabanya (imyenda ya shimi)

Intego yo gutunganya mbere yo kugabanya ni ukuvana amavuta, ibitonyanga n'umwanda byinjira ku mwenda (fibre) mu gihe cyo kuboha no gutwara, kandi icyarimwe, oligomer zimwe na zimwe kuri fibre zishobora gushonga mu gihe cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Igitambaro cy'umukara kigomba gucibwa mbere yo gukoresha alkali, kandi inyongera nka oleine na soda ya caustic bigomba kongerwamo ahanini. Gutunganya mbere y'umukandara wa fibre bikorerwa mu mashini ikora irangi ry'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi.

7. Kugabanya alkali (imyenda ya fibre y'imiti)

(1) Ihame n'ingaruka zo kugabanya alkali

Uburyo bwo kugabanya alkali ni uburyo bwo kuvura imyenda ya polyester mu bushyuhe bwinshi n'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Fibre ya polyester irashwanyagurika igacikamo ibice binyuze mu mugozi wa ester wa polyester molekile ku buso bwa fibre mu gisubizo cy'amazi cya sodium hydroxide, kandi ibicuruzwa bya hydrolysis bifite polymerization degree zitandukanye bikomeza gukorwa, hanyuma hagakorwa sodium terephthalate na ethylene glycol bishongeshwa mu mazi. Ibikoresho byo kugabanya alkali ahanini birimo imashini irangi ry'amazi menshi, imashini igabanya imyuka ihoraho, imashini igabanya imyuka ihoraho amoko atatu, uretse imashini irangi ry'amazi menshi; Imashini zigabanya imyuka ihoraho n'ihoraho zishobora kongera gukoresha lye isigaye. Kugira ngo hamenyekane ko imiterere n'ingano by'igitambaro cy'umukara bihamye kuri bimwe mu bicuruzwa bigabanya alkali, ni ngombwa kongeramo uburyo bwagenwe, hanyuma ukinjira mu buryo bwo gusiga imyuka.